Nesnovna kulturna dediščina

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	THE ART OF WOOD CONSTRUCTION območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The Carpathians are not very rich in natural resources - there is no fertile chernozem, no deposits of gold or silver and even stone is of little use. For centuries, however, vast forests provided game, mushrooms and herbs as well as and wood of a very good quality. For that reason wood became the primary building material of the region and the buildings constructed here deserve being put onto the UNESCO World Heritage List. There are also dozens of other monuments of wooden architecture in the area. They form one of the most popular hiking trails in Poland - tourists will find here Latin churches, Orthodox and Greek Catholic churches, wooden manor houses and wooden peasants cottages and even wooden Carpathian resorts.

	WOOD IN ART AND EVERYDAY LIFE območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The return of wood in the region, the restoration of its former importance can be seen not only in the revival of timber construction. Wood has become popular again also in the furniture industry, as a raw material for traditional crafts and artists. Wooden sculpture is one of the most distinctive traditions of the region. Artists have been reaching for this material for centuries and despite the fact that wood is less durable than stone, many works of art have survived to this day and can be admired by visitors from all over the world. Pietà from Haczów is one of the most prominent works of art. It has been the pride of the local church, which actually is the oldest and the largest wooden church in the world and one of the World Heritage Sites.

	WOOD RELATED CRAFTS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The renaissance of wood seems to involve also other material-related handicrafts. Wicker craft is perhaps even older than wood craft. First of all, wicker is much more available. In Poland there are several kinds of willow whose canes can be used for manufacturing a whole range of products such as baskets, trays, flower pots and even several-meter installations, as the ones that decorate the Carpathian resorts. It is hard to imagine Easter or even mushroom picking without a wicker basket. Nowadays, wicker is also used in decorating gardens, as this natural raw material combines beautifully with flowers.

	WEAVING CRAFTS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship Weaving is one of the oldest crafts. As far as technology is concerned, it has got a lot in common with braiding- it teaches patience and perseverance, requires concentration and a lot of time. Developed over millenniums, it can be practiced with the use of more or less complicated methods, all of which have their enthusiasts who draw on the tradition of many generations.

	FABRIC AND CLOTHING DECORATIONS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The eternal desire of almost all women is to look beautiful. This aspiration was accompanied by a number of efforts, in which also traditional crafts were employed. Thanks to the weaving industry women had beautiful clothes. Other crafts, regardless of the women’s cultural background, religion, place of residence or financial status, needed to provide them with extra clothing accessories.

	HACZOWIAN WEDDING območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: performing arts Haczów is a place of special importance in terms of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Its greatest pride is The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary – the biggest and the oldest wooden Gothic church in Poland, a magnificent example of traditional wood construction. Pietà from this church is one of the most prominent masterpieces of medieval sculpture and Haczowian embroidery is a first-class work of art.

	THE HURDY GURDY območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The hurdy gurdy is a very old instrument, which was popular mainly in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It has from 6 to 8 strings and at the end of the box and there is a crank-turned rosined wheel rubbing against the strings in the same way as the bow rubs against the strings in a violin. Melodies are played on a keyboard that presses tangents (small wedges, typically made of wood) against one or more of the strings. The other strings called drone strings produce very distinctive, vibrant, monotonous sound of a fixed pitch, with the effect of buzzing, obtained by using a special buzzing bridge. Due to the fact that it is of quite a significant size, musicians hold the instrument on their knees, turning the crank with one hand and pressing the keyboard with the other.

	THE MANUAL METHOD OF PRODUCING GLASS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship Glass was probably invented by the Phoenicians, who also laid the foundations for the technology of forming a product based on inflating molten glass with the aid of a narrow blowpipe. The Egyptians introduced the art of producing glass in different colors and thanks to the Romans, who added manganese ore to molten glass, glass gained transparency and can now be used as windowpane. Over the decades and centuries further inventions have been introduced and glass production went in two directions: the artistic production (unique Murano Glass is one of the best examples) and purely commercial one. The commercial production, enriched over the centuries with other improvements, finally resulted in automatic mass production, introduced in the USA in the 19th century.

	ICON-WRITING območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: traditional craftmanship The word icon derives from ancient Greek (εἰκών) and in Old Church Slavonic means an image, picture, or representation. In Orthodox theology, it is not, however, an ordinary picture, but an image that is presented to the faithful during their prayers as a place of real presence of Christ, the Virgin Mary and the Saints. Icons, which have nearly always been present in the culture of Byzantium, were subjected to strict controls in the eighth century. The form, the composition, the patterns, the way of painting - all were well defined, and the authors were not allowed much freedom.

	HOLIDAYS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions The phenomenon of multiculturalism of the region can be easily observed especially when you compare the calendar of holidays - folk, church, and local ones . Many of them are common to Christians from both East and West, also in terms of the hierarchy. The most important festivals are Easter and Christmas, though celebrated on different days because the Eastern Church still follows the Julian calendar, in which Christmas falls on the 7th of January.

	NATIVITY SCENES AND CAROLERS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Apart from long-lasting traditions associated with Christmas Eve, the most beautiful Christmas traditions include ceremonies that commemorate the events in Bethlehem 2000 years ago. “Now it happened in those days, that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled. This was the first enrollment made when Quirinius was governor of Syria. All went to enroll themselves, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David; to enroll himself with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him as wife, being pregnant. It happened, while they were there, that the day had come that she should give birth. She brought forth her firstborn son, and she wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a feeding trough, because there was no room for them in the inn.”

	TURKI območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions As we all known from the Gospel, Jesus was buried in a tomb cut out of the rock, at which - at the special request of priests and Pharisees – the guard was set(Mt 27, 62-66). The events are commemorated by the liturgical ritual of preparing Christ\'s Tomb, usually set up at one of the church\'s side altars. The custom was known in Europe as early as in the tenth century, and was especially popular during the Crusades, when Christians were able to guard the real tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem. The evangelical record has also become the basis for the custom of setting the guard at the symbolic grave of Christ, cultivated especially in some parishes in the Carpathian mountains. Honor guards usually consist of scouts, altar boys and the representatives of local fire brigades, whose uniforms are often enriched with elements referring to the local folklore.

	CHURCH FAIRS območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions In all Christian religions, churches and parishes have their own patrons. In the Catholic and the Orthodox Church there are numerous patrons, as the list of saints is extensive in these religions. Therefore in the Catholic and Orthodox theology, there is an opportunity to pray to the saint patron of the parish for its residents, which for obvious reasons does not exist in the Protestant Church, as the Reformed Churches do not worship saints.

	HARVEST FESTIVAL območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Similarly to a parish fair , a harvest festival was an especially festive event for everyone in a particular village. A harvest festival used to be an annual celebration that occurred around the time of the main harvest. This widespread tradition, is worth mentioning primarily because of its true relationship with the region, which is still largely agricultural. The ceremony, in which thanks were given for successful harvests, has an almost eternal tradition as even before Christianity people held celebrations of that kind. Harvest festival was traditionally held on the Sunday near the Harvest Moon. This was the full Moon that occurred closest to the autumn equinox (about Sept. 23). Perhaps, a tradition of composing impressive harvest wreaths comes from ancient pagan times. A nineteenth century Polish scholar, Zygmunt Gloger described it in this way: “There are some records from which we can learn that at the harvest time ancient Slavic people gave thanks to their gods. They also organized some kind of a celebration in which they revered heroic deeds, wealth and work of a farmer whose crops had been harvested and who prepared a feast for his neighbors. Our harvest songs, wreaths brought by reapers and as well as a public feast in front of the host’s house all come from those records”.

	CARPATHIAN CUISINE območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: social practices It’s pretty certain that you have already come across the term \"Subcarpathian cuisine\". But what is its real meaning? Carpathian catering managers serve hungry tourists with both the dishes of the Carpathian Rusyns (Lemkos, Boykos, Ukrainians, Ruthenians) and typically Polish ones such as bigos or the sour rye soup with potatoes. They also include Jewish bean soup or the Bavarian knuckle in their offer, as well as ubiquitous steak tartare.

	THE ART OF MAKING ALCOHOL območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Since the dawn of human history people enjoyed food and drink beverages. According to the oldest stories alcoholic beverages were discovered by accident – somebody just drank some fruit juice left in the sun and found that it was different from other drinks.

	MEAD AND HONEY območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Bee yards have been present in rural landscape of the region for centuries, so it\'s hardly surprising that they had significant impact on its culture, both in its material and intangible aspect. Beekeeping is connected with some kind of ritual, but in fact it is quite similar in all parts of Europe. And not just Europe - after all, the world’s largest honey producers are Argentina, Brazil and China. However, honey made in these countries is not always produced according to traditional recipes.

	BEER BREWING območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Beer brewing is another old tradition, which nowadays is experiencing its revival in the Subcarphatian region. This legacy has been successfully adapted by the tourism industry, which enriched its standard offers and provided guests with unique taste sensations. The best-known place to produce beer in Podkarpacie is Leżajsk. It should be, however, pointed out that beer of high-quality is brewed on regular basis in more than one hundred places in this region.

	BIGOS AND KULIG območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions The culture of the region has been to a large extent shaped by aristocratic tradition. In fact, it is hardly surprising because before the Partitions of Poland, nobility was not only a leading class in our country but also a very numerous one – 10% of the population was of noble birth. Hunting was usually a most preferred pastime and most favorite way of spending time of nobility and later on gentry. Some researches associate this attachment to hunting with medieval times, when knights took part in battles regularly and even in years free from wars they had to train a lot to know how to hold a weapon.

	MUSHROOM PICKING območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: oral traditions Mushroom picking is an old Polish tradition cultivated especially in areas covered with forests - Podkarpacie Province is certainly one of such regions. There are few forests in Western Europe and therefore the citizens of Holland or the United Kingdom can only look with envy at countless wild mushrooms growing in the forest undergrowth in Poland. They also rarely fully understand our passion for mushrooms. Those nations certainly do not have a strong tradition of mushroom hunting.

	THE ART OF WOOD CONSTRUCTION območje: Podkarpackie kategorija: practices concerning nature The Carpathians are not very rich in natural resources - there is no fertile chernozem, no deposits of gold or silver and even stone is of little use. For centuries, however, vast forests provided game, mushrooms and herbs as well as and wood of a very good quality. For that reason wood became the primary building material of the region and the buildings constructed here deserve being put onto the UNESCO World Heritage List. There are also dozens of other monuments of wooden architecture in the area. They form one of the most popular hiking trails in Poland - tourists will find here Latin churches, Orthodox and Greek Catholic churches, wooden manor houses and wooden peasants cottages and even wooden Carpathian resorts.

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